Effects Of Genetically Modified Foods On Health And The...

The â€Å"OMG† About â€Å"GMOs† Molecular biologist Nina Fedoroff once said, â€Å"Myths about the dire effects of genetically modified foods on health and the environment abound, but they have not held up to scientific scrutiny. And, although many concerns have been expressed about the potential for unexpected consequences, the unexpected effects that have been observed so far have been benign† (â€Å"Nina Fedoroff†). With that being said, modified crops are not as bad as many people think. In fact, evidence has been found that genetically modified crops actually benefit the world’s economic and environmental condition. Whether the food helps feed starving children in Africa, or improves the taste of the potato chips that the average American man is eating right now, genetically modified crops have many advantages. Although some scientists may argue that genetically modifying crops have negative impacts, genetically modified crops have positive consequences on society because they help preserve the environment, they have more nutritional value than their organic counterparts, and they heal worldwide hunger. Genetically modified crops have a positive impact on the environment because they limit habitat loss. Although using genetic modification on crops is good for the limitation of the loss of habitat for wildlife, it also benefits humans because it prevents deforestation and the depletion of oxygen. â€Å"Bt cotton, for example, has lowered production costs for cotton and led to increased amountsShow MoreRelatedEssay about Rogerian Argument of Genetic Engineered Foods1161 Words   |  5 PagesRogerian Paper: Genetically Modified Food â€Å"Biotechnology has been used for more than 6,000 years for lots of interesting and practical purposes: making food such as bread and cheese, preserving dairy products and fermenting beer† (Biotechnology - Promising a Brighter Future for the World). Although we do not always realize it, biotechnology is a huge part of our everyday lives, from the medicine we use to keep us healthy, the fuel we use to take us where we need to go, and even the food we eat andRead MoreHarmful Effects Of Genetically Modified Organisms1666 Words   |  7 Pages2015 The Harmful Effects of Genetically Modified Organisms Does one really know how harmful genetically modified foods are to living organisms, or even to the environment? In grocery stores, 70% of the processed food sold contains genetically modified soybeans and corn. Also, a large percentage of canola, sugar beets, and sugar cane are genetically modified. Without even knowing it, Americans have been consuming genetically modified ingredients that have been hidden in their food since 1996. Is itRead MoreCommercialization of Genetically Modified Foods Essay1297 Words   |  6 PagesCommercialization of Genetically Modified Foods Following a for year investigation into the effects of genetically modified crops on the environment, it was found that 2 out of 3 types of genetically modified crops tested were more harmful to the environment. Plus, the only genetically modified crop to be less harmful to the environment was compared to crops that were sprayed with the now illegal herbicide, atrazine. So many experts have dismissed those results untilRead MoreGenetically Modified food should not be banned876 Words   |  3 PagesFood is the basic requirement for living, as more and more people need food while the population was increased every year, food is becoming an important issue in the world. The invention of Genetically Modified food is a reasonable solution to solve this issue. Therefore, the Genetically Modified food should not be banned for several reasons. In addition to the fact that Genetically Modified food already provides benefits to us, there are several considerable profits to agriculture, environment andRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms And The Environment1284 Words   |  6 Pagesabout genetically modified organisms and think that they are god sent other countries are weary of them and think that they are dangerous. While many other countries label genetically modified organisms because they think that people should have a choice whether or not they want to consume them America believes that their people should not have to know therefore taking the people s choice away and making the decision for them. There have been studies that have shown that genetically modified organismsRead MoreGenetically Modified Foods ( Gmos )898 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Have you ever thought about what is in your food?† In today’s society Genetically Modified Foods (GMOs) can be found and purchased in most farmers markets across the United States. Genetically modified foods are designed to resist or tolerate pesticides, insects, and viruses (Segen’s Medical Dictionary). When changing the DNA makeup of an organism it alters the gene pool and can in fact lead to an unstable living environment. Genetically modified food is harmful not only to humans but to all organismsRead MoreAre Genetically Modified Foods Safe and Nutritious? Essay1568 Words   |  7 PagesAre Genetically Modified Foods Safe and Nutritious Genetically modified (GM) foods have taken over the traditional methods of farming by now being planted in over a quarter of the world’s farm land and it is essential that they are labeled for all consumers to see. These genetically modified foods have taken a toll on not only the environment, but human health as well. Those that agree with the genes of crops and other foods being spliced to create a more â€Å"beneficial† product for man state thatRead MorePersuasive Speech: Why We Should Abandon Genetically Modified Food1580 Words   |  7 PagesPersuasive Speech: Genetically Modified Food We all enjoy a cold glass of milk with homemade cookies, a refreshing pop on a hot summer day, and a juicy cob of corn in the summer months. But, do we ever wonder what is really in our food? Because genetically modified foods do not have to be labeled, you will likely never know if the food you are consuming is genetically modified. As a fellow member of the Organic Consumers Association, I am eager to inform you of why genetically modified food is an issueRead MoreGenetically Modified Foods1198 Words   |  5 PagesGenetically modified foods have recently been in the new headlines for both their positive attributes and the negatives of genetic modification, this essay will look at the effects Genetically Modified foods have on the economy, environment and you. Genetically modified (GM) foods refer to crop plants which have been created for human or animal consumption, these foods have had their genetic material modified in a way that would not occur naturally within the food. Desired traits such as increasedRead MoreThe Effects Of Genetic Modification On The Environment And The Human Race1475 Words   |  6 Pagesworld hunger. While it may seem like negative effects would be outweighed by the possibility of solving world hunger, an important issue, the conceivably detrimental effects on the health of the environment and the human race would outweigh the humanitarian goal of stopping world hunger. Genetic modification of crops is not the only possible solution to world hunger. There are other solutions that would not negatively harm the environment. The effects of genetic modification, good or bad, would affect

Diabetes Mellitus A Serious Medical Condition - 1356 Words

Diabetes Mellitus is a serious medical condition that can significantly affect the lives of individuals and lead to other medical complications. It has become a national health priority area due to the high number of individuals affected and the costs it places on the health care system. There are three forms of diabetes mellitus, these include Type I diabetes, type II diabetes and gestational diabetes. Type I diabetes is an autoimmune disorder characterised by the inability of pancreatic beta cells to produce insulin in response to blood glucose levels. In normal homeostasis of the body the pancreas releases insulin to increase uptake of glucose by the liver and tissues to use as energy and increase the storage of glucose which reduces the concentration of glucose in the blood. If blood glucose levels are low, counter regulatory hormones are released causing the liver to release its stored glucose which will increase blood glucose concentration. Type I diabetes occurs when the pancr eatic beta cells are attacked by the body’s T cells and can no longer produce insulin causing high blood glucose levels which can lead to serious medical conditions. While the exact cause of this is unknown, many genes have been associated with increased risk of this autoimmune response causing homeostatic imbalance of insulin and blood glucose levels, the most important of which is the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) complex. Variations of these genes can cause either susceptibility or resistanceShow MoreRelatedPathophysiology Of Diabetes Mellitus And Mellitus1706 Words   |  7 Pages Diabetes Mellitus Nathalie Dao Med 2056 VN FT030 Diabetes Mellitus Research Paper Ms. Annabelle Anglo 3/16/2015 â€Æ' EXPLANATION OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The pathophysiology of the two types of Diabetes Mellitus are described by Schilling (2010). Type 1 Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus starts with a viral infection or other triggering condition that forms antibodies that destroy the beta cells within the pancreas. This causes the pancreas’ production of insulin to drop over time. InitiallyRead MoreA Short Note On Diabetes Mellitus And Diabetes1738 Words   |  7 PagesDIABETES MELLITUS 1 Emily Marroquin MED 2056 Diabetes Mellitus Instructor Michela Leytham 12/3/14 DIABETES MELLITUS 2 In 2012 29.1 million Americans had diabetes of those 29.1 million, 21.0 million were diagnosed and 8.1 million were undiagnosed. What isRead MoreDiabetes Essay examples1471 Words   |  6 PagesDiabetes In the United States, an estimated 16 million people have diabetes. Diabetes is a serious lifelong condition. Half the 16 million people who have diabetes do not even realize the condition exists and are not receiving treatment. 798,000 people each year are diagnosed with diabetes. It occurs most often in adults, but it is also one of the most chronic disorder in children. It is estimated that 123,000 children ages 19 and belowRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus ( Dm ) Or Type 2 Diabetes1398 Words   |  6 PagesDiabetes Mellitus (DM) or Type 2 Diabetes is seen as a metabolic disease that is categorized by abnormally high blood glucose or hyperglycemia. Diabetes Mellitus is also formerly known as noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and is the most common form of diabetes that is seen. Insulin is a hormone that is supplied to the body that allows us to efficiently use glucose as fuel. When carbohydrates are broken down into sugars in the stomach glucose enters the blood circulation s imulating the pancreasRead MoreNature And Nurture Of Diabetes1178 Words   |  5 Pagesin Diabetes Diabetes is a rising problem in the world and has become one of the most dangerous diseases faced by the world. Diabetes is a sickness that individuals can acquire which makes the body not function properly because sugar is not metabolised properly (Stefanik-Sidener, 2013). This is a very serious medical issue because those who develop it can sometimes have it for a long time or even their whole lives. It has been found that 9% of the world’s population have some type of diabetes (HelgesonRead MoreEssay on Diabetes Mellitus1282 Words   |  6 PagesDiabetes mellitus is a collection of common metabolic disorders. The scenario of passing large amount of urine is described by the Greek and Roman physicians as diabetes whereas the term mellitus refers to sweet taste (Barrett, Barman, Boitano, Brooks, 2012). The name of the disease reveals one of the important clinical manifestation, that is, passing sweet-tasted urine, and in the other word, the presence of sugar in the urine. B esides that, Funk (2010) stated that there are three most commonRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus Type 2: A Research1511 Words   |  6 Pageslifestyles and medical care have certainly improved the longevity of humans in the developed world, and contributed to a greater quality of life scenario, those same lifestyles have engendered a number of issues that contribute to disease. Lack of proper diet, fast food, high fat and carbohydrate diets without adequate fruits and vegetables, lack of exercise, smoking and alcohol contribute to an epidemic of obesity which, in turn, contributes to a serious metabolic disorder called Diabetes Mellitus Type 2Read MoreApply Principles Of Diabetic Nursing Care Essay1621 Words   |  7 Pages Hughson 2013, p. 809). b) Glucagonoma (1mark) Glucagonoma is a rare malignant tumour of the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets. It leads to an excess production of the glucagon hormone in the blood. It is characterised by a distinctive rash, diabetes, weight loss, stomatitis and hypoaminoacidemia (Goldman Schafer 2015, p. 101). c) Gluconeogenesis (1mark) Gluconeogenesis is the process in which the liver predominantly forms glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as lactate, pyruvate, glycerolRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Diabetes Mellitus1154 Words   |  5 Pages Evaristo Vazquez MED 2056, VNFT29 Diabetes Mellitus Michela Leytam 12/08/14 Pathophysiology All types of diabetes are related to a deficiency in the hormone insulin, which is secreted by the beta cells os the pancreas. In a healthy person, insulin is produced in response to elevated levels of glucose in the bloodstream and its major role is to control glucose concentration in the blood by letting the glucose enter our cells and lowering its levels. What insulin does is allowingRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus : An Autoimmune Disease1238 Words   |  5 Pages Diabetes or as doctors would refer by as diabetes mellitus, is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has a high blood glucose level (above 110 mg/dL) because insulin production is inadequate, the body’s cells do not respond properly to insulin or even both. Diabetes mellitus is also a contributing factor of development of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, renal failure, blindness, and stroke as individuals’ age. There are 3 different types of diabetes mellitus, type 1diabetes mellitus

Evaluation Plan for Public Awareness and Education - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEvaluation Plan for Public Awareness and Education. Answer: Purpose of the evaluation About 150 earthquakes can be felt in New Zealand each year. While many are small, those that are strong and close to centers of population can cause great damage. For this reason, it's important to educate the communities about the risks that a natural disasters can cause (EQC Earthquake Commission, 2017).However, creating awareness alone is not enough. We need to convert that awareness to action, where individuals and communities take adequate steps to reduce the impact of the threat before it occurs. According to civil defense its states that new Zealanders arent aware of the huge impact that natural disaster can cause. However the key to reducing loss of life, and damage from natural disasters is widespread public awareness and education (civil defense, 2017). Community Waitakere has done a survey in the communities and realized there is a high level of awareness of what the risks are to our communities, but a low level of preparedness. People must be made aware of what natural hazards they are likely to face in their own communities. They should know in advance what specific preparations to make before an event, what to do during a hurricane, earthquake, flood, fire, or other likely event, and what actions to take in its aftermath. Community Waitakere is running in case of an emergency work-shop that will happen 28th September, 5th October and 12th October this workshop series will outline the basic awareness of different types of disaster. Like how to identify and reduce risk from hazards, making an emergency evacuation plan, basic emergency first aid skills and effective early warning systems. The purpose of this evaluation is to see how we could improve in the future whether or not this workshop is effective. Also, not only will we be getting feedback from the participants but also our co-host which are the different organizations we are collaborating with. Also, it is important to compare our evaluation to our last workshop feedback to see whether our participants are gaining knowledge as well as sending our data to our funders so they can see how the workshop is beneficial for the communities. New Zealand is extremely vulnerable to earthquake that has resulted in huge natural calamities over the years. After the survey conducted, it has been known that the people are aware of the impact of the earthquake but are not prepared to handle such situations. Therefore, the community has decided to conduct a long-term workshop that will help in providing sufficient knowledge to the people to be prepared and handle situations during earthquake. The aim of the workshop is to improvise the life of the society and their people in order to combat with the drastic impact of earthquake. Logic Model Inputs Activities Outputs Outcomes Venue- Pomaria school community hub Give away package Print out Make a plan form Time Staff Learn about disaster and how to keep safe Create a household emergency plan Quick quiz Posters and flyers Food Guest speaker 10 participants How engaged they were in work shop Gaining knowledge in case of a disaster Awareness of an emergency and a different types of disasters Planning and preparing for an emergency developing life skills Sharing knowledge with their community Bringing local community together The implementation of logic model provides an opportunity for the people organizing the workshop to evaluate the effectiveness of the program. Moreover, the model can also be used during planning the workshop and implementation of the plan. As a part of the model, the people organizing the workshop has decided the venue along with giveaway package, making a plan form and allocating tasks to the associated staffs. The activities included in the workshop include lessons to be safe and keep the surrounding environment safe. In order execute the activities, quick quiz, flyers, posters was used along with food and a guest speaker. The potential outcome of the workshop is to spread awareness, preparing, planning and developing life skills to combat with such situations. Methodology A mixed method is the most appropriate type of methodology for this workshop. Both qualitative and quantitative methods combine to form the mixed approach. Implementation of mixed methods will establish triangulation of the findings an analysis that will help in strengthening the data consistency that is collected from the workshop. Additionally, implementation of mixed methods will provide a broader understanding of the work outcomes and impacts. On the other hand, another methodology is based on the accountability of the results. This method will be helpful for this evaluation because this will provide an opportunity for the stakeholders to develop an understanding the effort given by the participants and their level of performance because of the work. Indicators At the initial stage of the project, we tend use the evaluation process. Improvement of the on-going project is possible by conducting surveys and receiving feedbacks during the on-going workshops. Moreover, during emergencies, the workshop will also be a success. The main indicators of the process evaluation are listed below: Are the workshop classes being held twice a week? Number of people attending the workshop daily? Are the participants able to gain knowledge about the new skills? Are the participants liking the activities? Are enough candidates signing up for future classes? How significant is the workshop for the families and the individuals? Are the candidates willing to bring their friends and families to attend the workshop? The primary aim of the task is to determine whether the workshop is able to influence the candidates. This will allow us to take a summative evaluation at the end of the workshop. Because of this, we prefer that the workshop is conducted long term thereby, providing life skills to the society. The focuses of the summative evaluation are listed below: Has there been any change in the behavior of the candidates? Are the candidates signing up for the enrollment form? Will the candidates be able to remember what they have learned in 4 months? Are the candidates actively involved in the workshop? The implementation of summative evaluation and mixed methods will provide an opportunity to compare easily between the workshop and any change in the process. By noticing the number of people attending the workshop daily, we can understand whether the workshop is improving or not. Moreover, by determining the interest level of the participants, we will be able to determine the areas that require amendment for making the workshop interesting to the candidates. Ethical considerations As a researcher, to evaluate this task involves collecting data from real participants therefore, it is important to protect those who are participating and involved in our research. It is important to build trust and also promote respect for one another in the environment we are working in. The workshop is for children and adults, therefore, it is important to give them a consent form to sign and go over the information together with them or ask them to bring parents and caregivers with them. Also, since the workshop is held in West Auckland which is multi-cultural area I need to be culturally aware and sensitive/ language when working with them. Also keeping their names, address or numbers confidential when doing evaluation Ethical considerations need to be followed and implemented strictly while collecting data for the evaluation plan. As a part of the survey, data were collected for the residents of the locality. Therefore, the researcher needs to ensure that the data collected from the participants are treated unanimously. The researcher must keep the identity of participants confidential and is not supposed to disclose without their consent. Establishing trust and respect for the participants will thereby, make the data collection process easy and smooth. Consent from the parents is significant as the workshop includes children as well. Data collection methods For both process and summative evaluations, I will conduct a survey and print a questioner for the participants. Also talk to each participants to gain understanding of their experiences in workshop. Doing an interview and survey allows flexibility in questions, which gives us more chance to get more facts or perhaps ask more questions if one question doesnt work for them. During the workshop, we will also give questioner and that will also give strong data for the evaluation. I will also use the signup sheet to see the number of participants who attended each day in the workshop. Therefore it will give an indication of whether or not numbers are growing. As a part of the data collection, we will devise questionnaire according to the aim of the workshop. Implementing primary data collection methods will help us in understanding the current knowledge of the community. Therefore, we will be able to understand the areas that we need to consider while conducting the workshop. Moreover, collecting primary data in terms of interview will allow the participants to share their point of view and opinion in detail. Additionally, interview will allow us to know the depth of knowledge within the children and develop the workshop accordingly. Evaluating success The outcomes we look for in this program would be: 10 participant to attend each workshop 80% to take part of the activities 70% to get all correct answers on the quiz Participants show an understanding how to Planning and preparing for an emergency developing life skills and share knowledge with each other social connectedness and Bringing local communities coming together Because this workshop has been done before and this is the second series. It is likely the number of participant may increase. And the only way to judge the success of the workshop is the number of people who will attend. The above are the looked-for outcomes, however, as we are aware of the outcome may change each day our goal is to give questioners and get the participants to sign the enrollment for each workshop. The evaluation process will help in determining the success of the workshop by evaluating the number candidates attending the workshop along with number of people taking part in the activities and number of correct answer for the quiz. The aim of the evaluation process is to ensure that almost 10% of the candidates are attending the workshop along with ensuring that 80% of the participants are taking part in the activities and receiving 70% correct answers for the quiz. The aforementioned percentages will determine the rate of engagement and success of the workshop. In addition to, the level of knowledge gained by the participants for handling emergencies also highlights the aim of the evaluation process. Utilization of findings When the final process is completed in the evaluation, I will then collect all the information provided from the participants. I will then need to compile the information I gathered and give to my supervisor which she will start putting all the data we collected in to word document and share with community Waitakere boss. Who will want to understand how the workshop is beneficial for the community and if it will be successful to continue in the future. The final evaluation report will be done in results based accountability which then will be send to the ministry of health who wants to know how much did we do? How well do we do it? Are the communities better off as result of our work. Post evaluation, after collecting relevant data from the participants, I will be compiling the information. Compilation of the collected data will help in using the data for modifying the workshop according to the results obtained. Accountability will be used lastly for the final evaluation of the process for the collected data. This will help in understanding the amount of effort that was put while conducting the workshop, the rate of success and the benefitted community. The answers of the aforementioned questions will be then sent to the health ministry. Staff As this is a small workshop the staffing requirements for the evaluation isnt large. There will be three people working on it. Two of us will be the ones that will write the survey questions and making sure we send emails and collect all the results from our participants and also our co-host feedbacks. Our supervisor will be the one who will approve all our work and she will the one working on the final evaluation report that will be send to our funders. Large numbers of staffs are not required for the workshop, as this is not operated at a large scale. Therefore, associating less number of people with the workshop will save the finance and utilize it wisely for developing other features of the workshop. In order to determine, if we are heading to the right direction, we will report to our supervisors. Therefore, in the case of any mistake, we can correct us and progress in the right direction. Timeline Preparing survey questions, revising previous survey based on feedbacks 18 September 2017 Meeting with supervisor to finalize survey 19-20th September 2017 Deliver the survey at the workshops(gathering data) 5th to 12 October Analyzing results of surveys 25th October Wring evaluation report with the supervisor to report to our funders 30th October to 1st November The objectives of the workshop have been given a time span to make to successful and determine the impact on time. Dividing the tasks and activities based on the time will help us to be organized and keep track of the progress. Moreover, we will also be able to determine whether each task has been completed rightfully or requires modification for successful completion of the activities. Budget Staff This is covered by community Waitakere Printing This will cost 100 Food This is provided by community Waitakere Space The space will be cost free The budget total will only be $100 dollars which will be for printing the evaluation forms. However most of the other things will be cost free as the organization will pay for as when the workshop takes place. As the workshop is conducted for the betterment of the society and the people, we do not need to spend much. We will only require spending money for printing the evaluation form and the rest of the expense will be provided by the organization, once the workshop commences. This is because the organization will be provided with money for conducting the workshop form the government. References; Bamberger, M. (2013). The Mixed Methods Approach to Evaluation (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.socialimpact.com/press-releases/MME613.pdf EQC Earthquake Commission. (2017). Earthquake. Retrieved from https://www.eqc.govt.nz/be-prepared/earthquake Ministry of Civil Defence and Emergency Management. (2017). Home. Retrieved from https://www.civildefence.govt.nz/ Ministry of Civil Defence and Emergency Management. (2017). Home. Retrieved from https://www.civildefence.govt.nz/ Stats New Zealand. (2016). How prepared are New Zealanders for a natural disaster? Retrieved from https://m.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/people_and_communities/Households/natural-disaster-how-prepared-nzers.aspx

Morality of Warfare

Table of Contents Introduction Morality of Warfare Islam and Warfare Christianity’s Perspective Comparison between the Two Conclusion References Introduction It is the expectations of every human being that the world will be a peaceful place where one would be able to live without fear of being attacked by anybody. Many people in the world expect to that they will live with each other as brothers and sisters without hatred and the idea of having to engage in battles and loosing lives in the process.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Morality of Warfare specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Unfortunately, that has never been the case and at one time all the other people have found themselves in situations where they have to engage in war rather than protect themselves or otherwise. The world has never been as peaceful as people would have wanted it to be and war has manifested itself as part of the human life. Various religions have argued that at a certain point war is justified and have tried to give it a moral perspective while they also put it that war is not permitted in their teachings which are meant to spread the message of peace. Morality of Warfare War leads to destruction of property, eviction of people from their homes, rape, body injuries among other effects and above all it leads to loss of lives. In religion loss of life is extensively talked about and it is seen as a sin therefore, war should not be permitted on this grounds (Wainwright 2005). However, it is important to note that there are situations where war becomes the only option of searching for peace or else more people will die. In this regard warfare has gained a moral perspective with people arguing that it will be utmost immorality if a government would let its citizens die from invasion by another country (Kelsay 2009). A country is therefore justified to protect its boundaries and prevent any aggression by an y enemy into its territory. However, the way that the war is conducted will determine whether the war can be justified morally or not. Islam and Warfare From the onset it is paramount to state that Islam as a religion condemns warfare at its utmost definition. In line with this Islam teaches peace and according to their Quran people should be welcoming to one another and help their neighbors when they need help. Islam requires that human beings should try and solve their differences through dialogue and ensure that peace prevails always as this will be the spreading of Allah’s love to mankind.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, it is the teachings of the Islam religion that people should trade fairly with those who seek to make peace and not war and coexist in harmony with them (Wainwright 2005). In this line, Islamic religion prohibits aggression or invasion of other p eople’s territories because of greed for power and other unholy reasons. Nevertheless, Islam also allows people to protect their territory from any enemy who may either attack them or be planning to attack. Additionally, Muslims are required to protect their faith from any form of abuse by any person because that amounts to an abuse to Allah. On top of that, the Islam religion teaches that human basic rights are sacred and should be protected therefore the Quran allows the Muslim to engage in warfare if their basic rights are being infringed (Kelsay 2009). It should be noted that the Quran only allows the Muslim to engage in war if their faith is threatened and there is need to protect it but abhors war if the Muslim will engage in war in order to spread the Islamic religion. The oppressed in society need help and protection from despotism against them while people have a right to stay at their homes without eviction. Any violation of this is against the Quran and in that cas e the Muslim is permitted to fight to protect people who are forceful evicted from their homes because they are Muslims and the oppressed in the society. According to Islam, jihad is not terrorism but a term referring to war pursued for self defense (Kelsay 2009). Consequently, Islamic religion gives guidelines on how war should be carried out and how the fighters should conduct themselves during war. To begin with, Islam allows war against those who fight you and not against those who seek peace (Kelsay 2009) therefore it highly prohibits Muslims from causing harm and killing civilians during war but rather dictates that non-combatants should be treated in a humane manner.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Morality of Warfare specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Additionally, the Muslim rules of war outline that in the course of any war, Muslims should be very careful not to destroy trees and crops and at the same ti me spare all the animals for they can not fight back. In conjunction with that, Muslims are expected to conduct themselves with utmost discipline in event of war and fight with as minimum force as possible without any anger and treat their prisoners of war as humanly as possible (Wainwright 2005). It should however be noted that, war, or jihad as Muslims call it, should be the last resort after all avenues of peace have halted at a dead end and the war should be within the laid down rules by the Quran (Kelsay 2009). Muslims should not attack other nations since Allah abhors transgressors, but they should also be ready to defend themselves if provoked. The Quran not only allows idolaters to be pursued and killed but also gives room for forgiveness if they repent. Unless the war is fought in the ways of God, Islam does not support it and condemns brutality, cruelty, injustice and shedding of blood. Christianity’s Perspective Christianity requires its followers to follow the com mandments that are set out in the bible in totality and any deviance from the same is taken as a sin. Among the commandments of Christianity is the commandment that one should not kill. In this regard, Christians are prohibited from shedding blood of another person. But in the Old Testament the Bible says that, if one sheds blood of a fellow human being then his blood will also be shed by a human being. It therefore means that war was justified by the Old Testament and the early church. However, Jesus spread the message of peace and therefore all Christians are expected to be promoters of peace and coexistence in the society. In this regard, a group of Christians, known as pacifists, who strictly follow the teachings of Christ as they are written in the New Testament, believe that war is totally wrong.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pacifists argue that Jesus preached love and accepted suffering on the cross without returning evil for evil therefore Christians should not return evil for evil (Wainwright 2005). However, in the New Testament the bible says that the function of any authority is to protect citizens. It goes ahead to say that nations have swords to protect the good and condemn evil. On top of that, American bishops in their letter dated may 3rd 1983 agree that each nation has a right to defend itself but disapproves offensive war. In conjunction with that, the modern churches believe that though war is not good, it is sometimes necessary to fight for peace to be found. St. Augustine of Hippo, borrowing from the just war theory, gave reasons why war could be justified in Christianity and within the rules of the bible. St. Augustine’s position was also supported by Thomas Aquinas. According to the just war theory, war can be justifiable and be morally correct in the event that negotiations as w ell as any peaceful efforts of conflict resolution have proofed futile (Wainwright 2005). This is contrary to the stand of pacifists who believe that people should not fight even when they are provoked. Contrary to pacifism, just war theory states that war is necessary but should be instituted by governments and not individuals. This is also the argument of the reformation and modern day churches. Therefore, war can be justified in the event that it is for self-defense and not for transgression or other political reasons which are not within the teachings of Christianity. War initiated by individuals or a small group of people who are angry because of one reason or the other is against Christianity (Wainwright 2005). In addition to that, the intention of the war should not be for material gain for example power or natural resources but rather genuine and selfless motives. On top of that, the means used for the war should be appropriate for the intention of the war and the war should bring peace in the end and not further problems. War for the sake of peace is also supported by Christian realists among them Niebuhr, who publicly supported First World War yet he was a pastor at Detroit. In conjunction to that, Christians believe that for a war to be just then the civilians or non-combatants should not be harmed and there should be no massive destruction of property for no good reason (Wainwright 2005). Comparison between the Two Christianity and Islam preach peace and teach their followers to try as much as possible to avoid shedding of blood and any form injustice to the community. Both types of religion follow the jus ad bellum which provides the criteria to be followed before a country makes a decision of going into war. Additionally, jus ad bellum outlines the conduct of solders during war, the need to protect civilians and the principle of proportionality, which means that a country should not use excessive force when at war. However, the two types of relig ion do not share everything as regards to justification of war or rather about the morality perspective of war. As it has been depicted, Islam allows war for the protection of their faith and any threat to the Muslim faith is regarded as an abuse to Allah. On the contrary, Christianity does note advocate for war to protect their religion and neither does it allow its followers to seek for idolaters. Conclusion Every faith teaches peace and coexistence among people whether they profess the same faith or not. However, there comes a situation when all other avenues of peaceful conflict resolution fail and war remains as the only option. Political realists argue that though war is ethically wrong, it is the only way to attain peace in such a situation therefore, war is sometimes necessary. Nevertheless, reasons that can lead to war are not similar and therefore various people can engage in war due to different reasons. All in all, war to some extent is morally right and justifiable. Ref erences Kelsay, K. (2009). Arguing the Just War in Islam. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Wainwright, W. J. (2005). Religion Morality. Farnham: Ashgate Publishers. This essay on Morality of Warfare was written and submitted by user Averie W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ethics in Psychological Research

Introduction There is a significant difference between ethics and law. Most societies develop laws and policies which to enforce moral principles. Actions can be two faceted, legal but unethical or illegal but ethical. For the purpose of interpreting law, ethical principles can be utilized, however in the last century, most of the socialists forced citizens to not follow the law in procession to which they believed as immoral and unethical (Dyer 1995).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics in Psychological Research specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Protests which are peaceful are a moral way of expressing views against political non justifications. Ethics can also be defined as a discipline that encompasses values, religion, decree, psychology, or sociology. For instance someone who maintains ethical standards is termed as a medical ethicist. Ethics can be defined as a technique, formula, or viewpoint for the pur pose of deciding actions and analyzing difficult problems and matters (Koocher and Keith-Spiegel 1998). Therefore, in view of a difficult matter such as global warming, an individual may take a monetary, environmental, biased, or moral viewpoint on the crisis. On the other hand, an economist will inspect the price and advantages of many policies that are in conjunction to the issue of global warming, whereas an environmental ethicist will consider the values and principles of ethical nature which are at risk (Vendemiati 2004). A History of the Construct of Obedience in Psychology The idea of obedience is rooted in psychology and most of previous literature boasts of the positive impact of obedience in psychological research. The idea was developed in the literature sought in the works of psychologist Theodule Ribot (1891), who asserted that obedience is rooted in the framework of determination, mentioning that â€Å"it is only through the will [that] one man gains an irresistible i nfluence over others† and that â€Å"it is only a strong will that demands obedience† (p. 95). Koocher and Keith-Spiegel (1998), discussed obedience to be a result of implication or hypnosis, and tagged it as automatic obedience. This term was a source to Milgram (1964) acknowledgement of the concept of obedience in this book. Thus, obedience can be seen to have multiple meanings in the filed of psychology and the work of Ribot (1891) and Koocher and Keith-Spiegel (1998) turn out to be the source of Milgram’s definition of obedience that is rooted in the intellectual history of the world of psychology.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Milgram studies obedience in a manner which dominates the current world and clarifies the research on obedience in totality (Banyard 2010). Most researchers agree that the concept could not be simulated today under the circumstances that Milgram engaged in particular the ethical guiding principle now in power. It is significant to distinguish that Milgram’s measures almost certainly did not infringe the study on ethics in the early part of 1960 (Milgram 1964). Baumrind’s (1964) criticized that Milgram should have abandoned his study once he realized the degree of anguish resulting from his research, and certainly if we observe closely she was not wrong about it. But Milgram openly conveyed that the results he sought were not minor results and were of utmost importance, rather shocking (Banyard 2010). It is not easy to consider any research being abandoned even though it has a capacity to create an impact on comprehending the human state, especially when they are believed to have debriefed the methods of dealing with the individual suffering of the subject being studied. The force of Milgram’s studies on obedience was more of an urgent and expressive psychological nature (Banyard 2010). Kimmel (1 998) stated that â€Å"The Milgram experiments ultimately may have less to say about destructive obedience’ than about ineffectual and indecisive disobedience† (p. 103), and this resulted in forcing many research programs to study the negative behaviors and actions rather than the positive ones. After Milgram’s study of obedience, a more stringent code of conduct for carrying out researches was developed by the IRB. This caused a fast shift to studies that had inferior investigational practicality and higher unexciting pragmatism, more and more of which were carried out of the laboratory (Banyard 2010). A History of the Construct of Attachment in Psychology Harry Harlow conducted some renowned researches in the 1950s covering the deprivation of maternal care in rhesus monkeys. These proved to be the milestone not only in primatology, but also in the development of scientific aspects of attachment and loss (Custance 2010). Harlow also treated his human subjects f or the same deprivation and globally compared his experimental findings with concerns to love and growth of affection in human beings simultaneously. These experiments had strong impact on concepts such as separation, attachment, mothers and infants, adoption and childrearing generally (Vendemiati 2004).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics in Psychological Research specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The observations of Harlow’s experiments concerning bare wire mothers implicated that child love was not an easy retort to the fulfillment of physiological requirements of an individual. Attachment does not only require fulfillment of hunger or thirst in individuals and therefore cannot be concentrated to nursing only (Custance 2010). Modifications in Harlow experiments allowed him to make another observation. He removed the choice of mothers and allowed the infants to remain separated thus dividing them into two different groups. He observed that all rhesus’ consumed same amount of milk and physically developed at the same ratio. However, no similarities were seen after this observation. Soft and tactile teddy cloth mothers were seen to be more preferable than the hard wired mothers. This led him to deduce a hypothesis that emotional and psychological attachment which was not present in the second group was an important feature. This led them to grow at a slow rate or not develop at all (Vendemiati 2004). Later on, his experiments proved that sooner or later, monkeys required some sort of attachment which was necessary for their growth. Permanent damage was seen in monkeys which were deprived and kept in isolation for a couple of months (Kimmel 1998). This deprivation was subjected to human beings and was seen to have lasted for over six months before signs of any damage were seen, whereas in monkeys this deprivation lasted for no more than 90 days before permanent damage could be seen (Custance 2010). Other researchers who carried out research on attachment such as Mary Ainsworth also concluded that comfort and security were elements required for any infant to grow properly. Harlow’s experiments were a vital proof of the fact that love and affection are the foundations of growth and development and deprivation can only lead to devastation sooner or later and sometimes can even lead to death (Kimmel 1998). Harlow’s work was a great influence on researches led by Bowlby and Ainsworth, who further helped develop proper ethical guidelines for services such as â€Å"orphanages, adoption agencies, social services groups and child care providers who approached utter care of children† (Dyer 1995). A History of the Construct of Memory in Psychology The earlier period of eyewitness memory research has been distinguished by dispute and a development of process (Koocher and Keith-Spiegel 1998). During the past number of years, the argument over t he environmental soundness of the research has taken a greater focus, as was evident in the early researches in the same century.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The present account of this argument centers on the association among the memory as it functions in labs and other various other contexts of memory (Baumrind 1964). Some have disputed that remembrance and memory is best researched and analyzed in a laboratory environment where utmost power and accuracy are likely. Although there are many issues related to this dispute, one evident issue is the incapability to create various conditions in the laboratory. For instance, for the sake of evident ethical reasoning, powerful poignant reactions or great levels of distress cannot be stimulated in laboratories. Researchers covering the association among emotions stress and memory must, do so outside the lab environment in places where reactions can be evident (Dyer 1995). When it comes to psychology, researching cognition is similar to dealing with experiences and facts, which can include insight, concentration, remembrance, philosophy and speech that are not evident and do not become part of experimental observations directly (Ribot 1891). The association among loss of psychological function and deterioration of any part of the brain is unswervingly and exclusively accountable for performing that function (Pike and Brace 2010). Only with the advent of latest techniques such as brain imaging and so on, has it been likely to achieve a more precise understanding of the multifaceted character of the association between the brain and cognition (Vendemiati 2004). Memory is deficient. That is why we usually tend not to see things which are accurate firstly. However, even if we try to retain a reasonable amount of information coming from an experience, it does not mandatorily retain in our memory tactfully (Vendemiati 2004). The best example of this can be at our workplace. With the passage of time, and with proper willingness to do something we learn to perform a certain task. However, there are distorting elements that allow us to forget the facts and undergo a certain loss of memory. Even in the majority gifted among us is memory thus impressionable (Pike and Brace 2010). Conclusion Most of the dissimilar orders, establishments, and vocations have various rules for performance that ensemble their meticulous aims and objectives. These usually help members of the restraint to synchronize their proceedings or actions and to set up the public’s conviction of the authority. For example, ethical norms rule behavior in fields of law, business, management and engineering. Above all they are seen to play an important role in the field of medicine. Ethical norms also act as research objectives and relate to people who perform methodical exploration of academic or imaginative actions. List of References Banyard, P., 2010. Just following orders? In Brace, N. and Byford, J. Discovering Psychology. Milton Keynes, The Open University. Ch. 2. Baumrind, D., 1964. Some Thoughts on Ethics of Research: After Reading Milgram’s, Behavioral Study of Obedience. American Psychologist, 19(6), pp.421-23. Brace, N. and Byford, J., 2010. Discovering Psychology. Milton Keynes, The Open University. Custance, D., 2010. Determined to Love? In Brace, N. and Byford, J. Discovering Psychology. Milton Keynes, The Open University. Ch. 5. Dyer, C., 1995. Beginning research in Psychology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. Kimmel, A.J.a.P.E., 1998. Ethics and values in appled social research. In Nunn, J. Laboratory Psychology. East Sussexx: Psychology Press Ltd. Koocher, G.P. and Keith-Spiegel, P., 1998. Ethics in Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press. Milgram, S., 1964. Issues in the study of obedience: A reply to Baumrind. American Psychologist, 19, p.848–852. Pike, G. and Brace, N., 2010. Wtinessing and Remembering. In Brace, N. and Byford, J. Discovering Psychology. Milton Keynes, The Open University. Ch. 9. Ribot, T., 1891. Heredity: A psychological study of its phenomena, laws, causes, and consequences. New York, NY: D Appleton and Co mpany. Vendemiati, A., 2004. In the First Person, An Outline of General Ethics. Rome: Urbaniana University Press. This essay on Ethics in Psychological Research was written and submitted by user Paityn Cantu to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Bourne Supremacy essays

The Bourne Supremacy essays To start with, I want to say that the movie The Bourne Supremacy impressed me so much because of its action. Every moment of the film is so fast and its holds attention! Infrequently continuation of successful film appears so grasping and original. Fortunately, it was possible to film with Matt Damon. The thriller which will not allow the spectator to relax, can brag of an interesting plot and the talented actors who have proved to be from the best party. Two years ago Jason Bourne (Matt Damon) as it seemed to it, has finished with the past. But now its past just about will overtake it. The elite agent who has lost memory of CIA Born (Damon) tries to begin a new peace life in far India in the company of true girlfriend Marie (Franka Potente). But, as us for a long time have convinced, spies do not release on pension. When in the peace small village which has become by a haven of fugitives, there is an Agent, Bourne and Mary throw the new life and hasten away: when the past appears on a threshold, for Bourne it is necessary only - to run one choice. But as soon as it crosses an invisible line, and rates in global game in a cat-mousy raise, created Treadstone - the confidential organization not existing not so made on white light of cool professional murderers-mercenaries - Jason Bourne comes back. The main character wants to find out who hi is and what was in his past. He is trying to go on a step ahead of present at each inexplicable sight of the stranger, each casual phone call of danger in any second and without any prevention to be tightened in the world, which as it hopes, has remained in the past. And again Hollywood reduces together old friends on Cold War: CIA against KGB with it dirty " Russian communications ". Operation of CIA with participation of Russian investigation fails, a whipping boy becomes Bourne - and the former killer of CIA should play on two parties to find a way out of a situation and, during searc...

Pathophysiology and pharmacology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Pathophysiology and pharmacology - Assignment Example Impairment of these mechanisms results in pneumonia. It may also occur when the resistance of the host is lowered. Congestive Heart Failure arises when the heart is unable to circulate enough blood to meet the body’s metabolic demands. Heart failure is caused by damage or overloading of the myocardium (Hosenpud & Greenberg, 1994). It is, therefore, associated with systolic or diastolic overloading and with myocardial weakness. Various conditions cause heart failure. Such conditions include hypertension, myocardial infarction, and amyloidosis. Overtime physiologic stress on the myocardium causes the contractility of the muscle to reduce and cardiac output declines. However, venous input to the ventricle remains constant or increases and is responsible for cardiac overload. There is also increased heart rate, hypertrophy and enlargement of the ventricles. Tuberculosis is a highly infectious disease that infects one-third of the world population. It is often fatal killing about three million people yearly. It usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmitted by inhalation of infective droplets and Mycobacterium bovis transmitted by milk from infected cows. The primary phase of M. tuberculosis infection starts with inhalation in the lower segment and middle lobes of the lung (DYER, 2010). Alveolar macrophages then phagocytize the mycobacterium and transported it to hilar lymph nodes. However, naà ¯ve macrophages are unable to kill the Mycobacterium that lyses the cell upon multiplication. Other macrophages are infected, and dissemination through the blood to other parts of the body occurs. The active disease years later, Reactivation TB, results from the proliferation of dormant Mycobacterium seeded during the primary phase. Peptic ulcer disease is the breach of the gastrointestinal tract mucosal layer. There are two forms of PUD;